THE ALAWITE REVOLTS AGAINST THE UMAYYADS IN AL-MASUDI’S NARRATION IN MURUJ AL-DHAHAB (61-67 AH): A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Abstract

   The research deals with the series of Alawite revolutions, starting with the revolution of Imam Hussein (u) in Karbala in the year 61 AH, focusing on the political and social events that followed, the research begins with the positions of Hussein and his supporters in confronting the Umayyad authority, then reviews the revolution of the people of Medina in the year 63 AH against Yazid bin Muawiyah and the subsequent suppression in the Battle of Harrah, highlighting the moral and religious motives of the revolutionaries. The research deals with the revolution of the penitents in the year 65 AH, as a collective movement stemming from repentance and loyalty to the blood of Hussein, despite the limited military capabilities. It also sheds light on the revolution of Mukhtar Al-Thaqafi in the year 66 AH, which was characterized by organization and military and political strategy, and aimed to avenge the killers of Hussein and promote justice. The research also highlights the role of influential figures such as Sulayman bin Sard, Al-Musayyab bin Najba, and Imam Sajjad (u), and the impact of these revolutions in shaping Islamic awareness and the revolutionary symbolism associated with the blood of Hussein and his family. Through historical documentation, the research shows how the martyrdom of Hussein (u) to a central issue of revenge and loyalty, influencing the political and religious path of the next generation of Muslims, and establishing a new phase of resistance against injustice and tyranny.