COMPARATIVE STUDY OF METAPHYSICAL CONCEPTS AND DIVINE DECREES IN NON-REVEALED RELIGIONS AND ISLAM

Abstract

Metaphysical inquiries regarding the nature of the Supreme Reality, spiritual entities, eschatological resurrection, and cosmic governance lie at the core of human religious evolution. This comparative paper examines the metaphysical frameworks and divine decrees within non-revealed/oriental religious traditions—specifically Hinduism, Confucianism, and Zoroastrianism—alongside the rigorous monotheistic paradigm of Islam. By contrasting the pantheistic and polytheistic spectrums of Hinduism, the humanistic-cosmic order of Confucianism, and the dualistic cosmogony of Zoroastrianism against Islamic Tawḥīd (transcendent monotheism), this study demonstrates how non-revealed traditions conceptualize the metaphysical world through immanent, cyclic, or dualistic lenses, whereas Islam presents an absolute, transcendent, yet intimately active Creator. Furthermore, the paper examines how these worldview distinctions influence eschatological expectations: the Hindu doctrine of Samsara (reincarnation) and Moksha versus the Islamic Ba‘th ba‘d al-Mawt (bodily resurrection) and final judgment (Qiyāmah).