IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS ON MALARIA INCIDENCE IN POST-COAL MINING LANDS: “SPATIAL ANALYSIS IN KUTAI KERTANEGARA”

Abstract

Introduction . Malaria remains a global health problem, especially in tropical areas such as Indonesia. Coal mining activities exacerbate the risk of transmission because they create ex-mining land that is prone to waterlogging and high humidity. This transmission is still high in areas with ecosystems that have changed due to human activities. This phenomenon requires a comprehensive approach.

Objectives . This study aims to identify environmental risk factors in ex-coal mining land that contribute to the incidence of malaria in Kutai Kertanegara Regency, East Kalimantan.

Methods. This study applied a case-control design (1:2) with a total of 41 malaria cases and 82 controls. Data collection was carried out through interviews, field observations, and spatial mapping using Geographic Information Systems. The variables analyzed included demographic factors, housing characteristics, distance from house to mining void, humidity, and preventive behavior. The chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to determine the relationship between risk factors and malaria incidence.

Results. The results showed that high humidity (OR=33.65) and close distance from house to mining void (OR=13.89) were the main predictors of transmission. Other factors such as semi-permanent housing type (OR=28.75), night-going habits (OR=16.45), and non-compliance with mosquito net use (OR=14.11) also significantly increased the risk. The age group above 25 years and mining workers and forest encroachers had higher vulnerability compared to other groups. These findings are relevant for malaria elimination efforts in Indonesia.

Conclusion . Environmental, demographic, and behavioral factors together influence the incidence of malaria in ex-coal mining areas. Malaria control interventions need to focus on mosquito habitat management, improving housing quality, and behavioral education for high-risk workers. This integrated approach is expected to reduce malaria transmission sustainably.