TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT, DEMOGRAPHICS, AND THE CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

Abstract

This paper provides a synthesis of the concept of tribal development in India, analyzes the demographic and geographical profile of the Scheduled Tribe (ST) population, and forecasts the critical challenges facing these communities in the 21st century. Tribal development is defined as the phased, time-bound process of improving the socio-economic and cultural well-being of tribal communities. The core objective is achieving equality and social justice by eliminating exploitation and bringing tribal communities to parity with the broader national society through targeted programs in health, education, employment, and infrastructure. Conceptually, development is complex, viewed variously as a movement, a program, a method, a socio-psychological process, and an institutional change (Scanders). It must involve organized activity to build "inner strength" and the necessary social and cultural infrastructure. In conclusion, effective tribal policy requires a bifurcated approach: strict protection and non-interference for critically small groups (like in the Islands) and intensive, target-oriented development focusing on self-management and empowerment for the large, disadvantaged populations of the Central Tribal Belt.