THE ROLE OF NEUROMUSCULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION IN REHABILITATION AFTER ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT SURGERY

Abstract

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries frequently result in prolonged quadriceps weakness and impaired knee function post-reconstruction. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has emerged as an adjunct to enhance muscle recovery in rehabilitation.

Objective: This systematic review synthesizes quantitative evidence on the role of NMES in improving quadriceps strength and functional outcomes after ACL surgery.

Methods: Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies examining NMES protocols applied post-ACL reconstruction were analyzed. Parameters such as frequency, duration, and combination therapies were reviewed alongside strength and functional outcomes.

Results: Most studies demonstrated significant quadriceps strength gains and improved patient-reported function with NMES compared to standard care. Combination with eccentric exercise or blood flow restriction further enhanced outcomes. However, heterogeneity in NMES protocols and limited long-term data were notable.

Conclusion: NMES is a beneficial supplement in early-phase ACL rehabilitation to accelerate muscle recovery and functional return. Standardized protocols and extended follow-up are needed to optimize clinical application.