DETERMINING FACTORS FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE EARLY RETIREMENT POLICY FOR STEAM POWER PLANTS IN SUPPORTING THE GREEN ENERGY TRANSITION IN INDONESIA

Abstract

Indonesia’s continued reliance on coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) poses a significant challenge to achieving its Net Zero Emissions (NZE) target by 2060. Despite the issuance of Presidential Regulation No.112/2022 promoting early retirement of CFPPs, implementation remains hindered by regulatory fragmentation, limited local participation, and institutional capacity gaps. This study investigates the decision-making process surrounding CFPP early retirement through the lens of Multi-Level Governance (MLG) and Just Energy Transition frameworks, identifying Critical Success Factors (CSFs) essential for policy effectiveness. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates qualitative and quantitative analyses. Bibliometric mapping using VOSviewer is utilized to identify literature gaps related to early retirement policy, multilevel governance, and energy transition. The findings reveal that successful energy transition depends on integrated policy coordination across government levels, active participation of non-governmental actors, and strengthened local institutional capacities. Comparative studies with countries such as Germany, South Africa, India, Vietnam, and the Philippines demonstrate that MLG can bridge national and local interests while enhancing policy legitimacy. This research contributes to the theoretical advancement of energy transition governance and offers a practical decision-making model based on MLG and CSF integration. The findings offer actionable insights for policymakers to design inclusive and adaptive energy transition strategies. Keywords—