SEPTIC SHOCK IN THE EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE SETTING: A REVIEW OF CLINICAL CHALLENGES AND OUTCOMES

Abstract

septic shock is a serious syndrome caused by infection, leading to inflammation, low blood pressure, and organ failure. Understanding its mechanisms is vital for better patient care in critical settings. The pathophysiology involves infection-driven events causing low blood pressure, reduced organ perfusion, and cell dysfunction. Septic shock poses a global health issue with varying incidence rates but consistently high mortality, necessitating improved detection and resource allocation in high-burden areas. It results from a complex interaction of infections, immune responses, and personal risk factors, requiring a thorough management and prevention approach. Clinically, it presents with low blood pressure, fever, rapid heart rate, and altered mental state, with diagnosis relying on persistent low blood pressure and high lactate levels. Advanced scoring systems can aid in early detection and improve outcomes. Management has shifted from rigid protocols to flexible, data-driven, patient-focused approaches emphasizing timely diagnosis, proper antibiotics, hemodynamic support, and source control. Advanced analytics and continuous monitoring may enhance future outcomes for these critically ill patients. Septic shock causes complications, mainly organ failure, which significantly heightens the mortality risk.